The Basic Political Writings Written By Jean Jacques Rousseau

In the book The Basic Political Writings written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Rousseau in the beginning of the book states a very important question that he hopes to answer in parts throughout the book, the question being: What is the origin of inequality among men, and is it authorized by the natural law? Rousseau takes a different approach than all the other philosophers on trying to figure out the origin of man and their so-called inequality. Rousseau’s point of view on the state of nature differs from other philosophers such as Locke and Hobbes. How do you find the origin of man? Where can the origin of civil society be traced back too? How are men perceived in the state of nature? Does inequality exist in the state of nature? In what†¦show more content†¦Man being in the state of nature causes tyranny and in the end does cause some inequality among men, whether or not it changes the moral code of society is the bigger question. Although Rousseau does not believe th at inequality exists in the state of nature he wrote a whole essay answering the question of where does man originate from and is he equal in the state of nature? Rousseau sees the first step of exiting the state of nature and getting closer to origin of tyranny is when man decides to leave the lifestyle of being alone and always wandering to settling down and making a house and trying to provide for his basic needs and the ones that are not as necessary as: nourishment, rest, shelter and self-preservation. This is the stage where you see the element playing a part in man’s life and in the way civil society came to be. Man is no longer just worried about himself he has to provide not only for himself but for his entire family which he is searching for. Natural man or savage man lives within himself whereas Rousseau argues that civil man lives in the judgement of others. This is one of the big reasons has to how inequality fomed. All the inequalities Rousseau does take about or basically economic things that happen in nature. This type of economic ineuality is among the many other inequalities but is one of many that inequality originated from. If man had stayed restricted to working by themselves they would have remained free, healthy, good and happy asShow MoreRelatedImpact Of The Enlightenment On Modern Political Thought1841 Words   |  8 PagesApril 1, 2016 The Impact of the Enlightenment on Modern Political Thought The philosopher John Locke once said, â€Å"[g]overnment has no other end, but the preservation of property† (â€Å"John Locke†).   The social contract is the fundamental basis for modern government.   This idea affects everything we believe a modern state should represent for itself and its people.   This way of understanding the role of government was inspired by the writings of the Enlightenment era philosophers. 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Patting Down the TSA Free Essays

string(60) " airports and other types of transportation need to follow\." Patting Down The TSA Before 9/1 1 happened our country was not as strict with security as we are today. You could once go through air travel without the hassle of having to go through full body scanners and taking off your shoes, belts, hat, etc. Ever since 9/1 1 our country has made a huge change in the security industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Patting Down the TSA or any similar topic only for you Order Now They havent made many changes to buses, ships, and trains. Buses may have security cameras, but no one is checking people for bombs or weapons. Cargo ships get searched, but not to the extent they should be. Tons of people ride the subway system in big cities such as New York and Chicago, but there is no security on the subway. Our country is so worried about air travel security that they do not put enough time and money into the other types of transportation security. â€Å"Transportation is often likened to the bodys circulatory system† (Kulash 5). The circulation of blood is essential for the human life. In the same way the circulation of goods and people is critical to keep society running smoothly. If people and goods are not circulated smoothly, then society will start to slowly fall apart. Doctors remove blood clots and replace valves that have sprung leaks; transportation and logistics rofessional practice the same concept. They are used to keep the distribution system running by eliminating congestion and managing the flows of human traffic. Today there are new concerns about the transportation security (Kulash 5). September 1 1, 2001 shocked the United States by showing us exactly how dangerous our transportation system can be. It made us realize terrorists can make weapons out of any transportation vehicle. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) recognized early on the threats that a terrorist can put on the transportation system. It is not Just an attack by terrorists we should worry about; we have a massive ransportation system that can go virtually anywhere. There are hundreds of thousands of people that are employed in the transportation department; an attack could also be an inside Job by an agents. They know how the security system works and could easily get by. Any company can ship goods all around the world on cargo ships, train, cars, and having every container, car, boxcar, and ship inspected would cause the flow to freeze. The goods that are being shipped would take a very long time to get to their destination. The buyers would start to get angry about their goods not arriving on ime, and would stop buying the good from their supplier. The problem has to be solved by not slowing down the transportation flow. The transportation flow is how quickly and efficiently people and goods get from one place to another. Security is a top priority at the U. S Department of Transportation. Their goal is to come up with the most advanced technology and safest and smoothest way to run security. The range of discussions at the meetings are from inexpensive technological gizmos to sophisticated electronic systems, from common sense business practices to sophisticated end-to-end programs governing the entire supply hain† (Kulash 5). Their are many agencies and companies that have ideas they want to put in place, but they are weighing the costs and benefits, and assessing what really needs to be changed. As decisio ns get made at many levels, change may come. As they discuss more and more about these issues they will come to an agreement about what is best for the transportation security, and where they should put their time and money. Airport security is the most secure type of public transportation. In the past people did not have to take their shoes or belts off, and they could even bring their drinks through security, but not anymore. Airport security has become more and more secure after the terrorist attacks on September 11 2001. Up until recently everyone had to take their shoes and belts off and throw their drinks away. Everyone is still required to throw any food or drink item they may have away. The TSA is becoming more lenient with older people and young children, so they no longer have to take their shoes off and can leave their Jackets on. They feel that these two certain age groups are less likely to commit a terrorist attack. Now the airports have full body scanners that everyone has to step into. This is an upgrade for the TSA so that they an be absolutely sure that no one has any type of weapon on them. The airplane itself is also more secure by adding bullet proof doors to the cockpit, so only people with access to this door can get in. Security is a very time consuming and costly expense. Since 2001 there has been 57 billion dollars spent on the TSA. Most of the money is used by the airports. The TSA is also not as trustworthy as most of us may think. There have been reports of agents stealing money, harassing passengers, and misuse of the money they are given for security. This table explains vey well the cost of security and exactly what he TSA does with the money and what they are doing wrong. Elliott, Christopher. â€Å"Patting Down The TSA. † Newsweek 159. 12 (2012): 16. As the table shows there is an awful lot of money that goes into airport security. It also shows how they are loosing money by the inconvenience of screening. Everyone has to take everything off and out of their pockets when they go through a medal detector. Screening is enough for the airport security. It takes up more time and money to have the metal detectors there when the screeners see everything else. More money could be used for other types of transportation. Recommended Security Guidelines for Airport Planning, Design, and Destruction† is a book that describes all the guiltiness that airports and other types of transportation need to follow. You read "Patting Down the TSA" in category "Papers" 96 percent of this book is followed by airports and only 5 percent is tollowed by all other types ot transportations. Security is virtually percent non-revenue overhead cost; every dollar spent on security is unavailable for new or upgraded facilities, operations, maintenance, manpower, public amenities etc (Kosatka 32). Security requirements are continually changing and the costs are out of the airport managements control. Buses, Trains, and ships do not have nearly the amount of security that airports do. Since there has been no terrorist attack in the United States on a bus, train, or ship, the transportation security administration does not feel the need to spend the time and money to keep these types of transportation very secure. There has been talk about putting bag scanners on ships and trains. As they talk about this more scanners on trains and ships may come into play ( Frank 3a). Money is the most important part, so if the TSA put more money and time into the security of these types of transportation then they would be more secure. Other aspects of the airport may be at risk also. Fuel trucks, construction vehicles, catering equipment and air cargo could be dangerous if not thoroughly checked. Yes these people have all gotten background check, but someone could easily by-pass that. Michael Boyd, president of the Boyd group international, an aviation consulting firm, says the solution is simple to keep these aspects of the airports secure. â€Å"Having a TSA run by trained security professionals at all levels, with total performance accountability’ (Boyd 10a). Today there are Federal Security directors who have very little experience in this field. Boyd says, â€Å"We’ve also had TSA with zero background in security. † He is saying even though they have strong security there may be a chance a TSA agent with no experience may slip up and let something happen that they did not mean to happen. They have become too concerned with finding things that can be used as weapons than identifying or deterring security threats (Boyd 10a). However, with these other types of transportation only following 75 percent of security guidelines Homeland Security Janet Napolitano says, â€Å"l plan to focus more on mass transit, possibly through redeployment of resources from other areas† (Frank a). She said that they have done a lot of work in that aviation department and could pay more attention to ground transportation. Just before Napolitano took office she found that 37 out of 48 of the nations largest transit systems are not complying with the security guidelines. Paul Lennon, head of mass transit for the TSA, says, † there is no sanction for non-compliance† (Frank 3a). Major systems in big cities such as New York and Washington have greatly improved security while the other smaller agencies to do not see the need of urgency that the larger agencies see. Greg Hull, ecurity director for the American Public Transportation Association, says, â€Å"The industry knows it has difficulty fully complying with guidelines† (Frank 3a). Hull said transit agencies simply need more money from the government to improve their security. Money is a huge part of security so, the TSA uses it to purchase new and more modern technology and hire more staff member. Without tons of money being poured into the transportation security industry the security would be very weak. They have used a lot of money for the updating technology and new ideas for the airports, but they have not put a lot of money into trains, buses, and ships. The more money these other services can get the better their security will be. The subway system is a huge part ot public transportation in big cities. In major cities such as Boston, New York and Chicago people use more public transportation than in the smaller cities. These cities are so fast moving that putting extra security on them would slow everything way down. In New York City millions of people ride the subway every day. It is more efficient for people to take the subway than drive a car. There can be a high risk of an attack because these cities are so congested and everybody is moving so quickly. Because of this the subway systems are not very safe. Putting security scanners on every subway system would cost the cities a lot more money and more taxes from the people. Most people do not like paying taxes and most would be very frustrated if they had to pay more for security. Some may argue that nothing terrible has ever happened on a subway to make security necessary on it. Everyones that takes the subway would have to change their routine. They would no longer get to where they are going fast. They would have to plan their schedules accordingly. No on really excepts security to be the best it can be. No matter how much is spent on security, there will always be more that could be done. The challenge is whether or not where and how much security there should be. Wherever the line is drawn, we will have to live with the risk (Kulash 7). For example, everything that has been done to diagnose, prevent, and treat coronary heart disease, they still are America’s number one killer. One in five Americans suffer from some form of coronary disease; 954,000 americans die each year from it (Kulash 7). It cost the United States 259 billion dollars each year in health costs and productivity losses (Kulash 7). These numbers do not discourage medical progress, they encourage it. In the same way, exposure to transportation security risks will lead to new organizations, new technologies, and new system. Maintaining the flow of secure transportation has a down side. â€Å"Don’t hold your breath and wait for a solution this will be evolving for years; improvements can and will be made† (Kulash 7). It is vital that the United States transportation system be kept running smoothly. U. S transportation and security have made incredible progress in the last twenty years. International trade and freight are expected to double in the next twenty years. Excellent transportation capabilities will continue to spur the nations economic growth (Kulash 7). Just about everything in life needs money to operator or become better. Security gets better and better the more money that is poured into it, so more money needs to be put into other types of transportation. All types of transportation need to be as safe as possible. Money should not be an issue if it deals with saving a life. No one wants anything tragic to happen to their family so the TSA needs to do whatever it takes to take the security as far as it can go, because you cant put a price on family. How to cite Patting Down the TSA, Papers

Locke Mill And Rousseau Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Locke, Mill, And Rousseau Essay, Research Paper John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau all dealt with the issue of political freedom within a society. John Locke # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; The Second Treatise of Government # 8221 ; , Mill # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; On Liberty # 8221 ; , and Rousseau # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Discourse On The Origins of Inequality # 8221 ; are influential and compelling literary plants which while sketching the conceptual model of each mind # 8217 ; s ideal province present divergent visions of the very nature of adult male and his freedom. The three have somewhat different positions sing how much freedom adult male ought to hold in political society because they have different positions sing adult male # 8217 ; s basic potency for inherently good or evil behaviour, every bit good as the terminals or intent of political societies. In order to analyze how each mind views adult male and the freedom he should hold in a political society, it is necessary to specify freedom or autonomy from each philosopher # 8217 ; s position. John Locke states his belief that all work forces exist in # 8220 ; a province of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their ownerships and individual as they think fit, within the bounds of the jurisprudence of nature, without inquiring leave or depending upon the will of any other man. # 8221 ; ( Ebenstein 373 ) Locke believes that adult male exists in a province of nature and therefore exists in a province of unmanageable autonomy, which has merely the jurisprudence of nature, or ground, to curtail it. ( Ebenstein 374 ) However, Locke does province that adult male does non hold the licence to destruct himself or any other animal in his ownership unless a legitimate intent requires it. Locke emphasizes the ability and chance to have and net income from belongings as necessary for being free. John Stuart Mill defines autonomy in relation to three domains ; each successive sphere increasingly encompasses and defines more elements associating to political society. The first sphere consists of the persons # 8220 ; inward sphere of consciousness ; demanding autonomy of witting in the most comprehensive sense ; autonomy of idea and feeling ; absolute freedom of sentiment and sentiment on all topics, practical or bad, scientific, moral, or theological. # 8221 ; ( Ebenstein 532 ) The 2nd domain of Mill # 8217 ; s definition encompasses the general freedoms which allow an person to freely peruse a # 8220 ; # 8230 ; life to accommodate our ain character ; of making as we like # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Ebenstein 533 ) Mill besides states that these freedoms must non be interfered with by # 8220 ; fellow animals, so long as what we do does non harm them # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Ebenstein 533 ) , The concluding domain of Mill # 8217 ; s definition of autonomy is a combination of the first two. He states that # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the freedom to unify, for any purpose non affecting injury to others: the individuals uniting being supposed to be of full age, and non forced and or deceived. # 8221 ; ( Ebenstein 535 ) Rousseau thought that adult male was born weak and nescient, but virtuous. It is merely when adult male became sociable that they became wicked. ( Cress, 80 ) Since civil society makes work forces pervert, Rousseau advocated # 8220 ; general will # 8221 ; , more exactly the combined volitions of each individual, to make up ones mind public personal businesss. General will would go the autonomous and therefore it would be impossible for its involvements to conflict with the precedences of the citizens, since this would be making injury to itself. Virtue came from the freedom of work forces to do determinations for the good of the community. The general will intend giving up single rights for the improvement of the corporate group. Therefore civil autonomies were an oxymoron, since civilized society needed Torahs and regulations to map, while autonomy was the freedom to move as one pleased. It is hence impossible to accommodate the natural adult male with the citizen. So it was duty of the authorities to achieve freedom, equality, and justness for all its citizens. Since the definitions they present in their several literature are distinguishable from one another, when each philosopher refers to freedom or liberty they are non mentioning the same construct. This differentiation is necessary when comparing their places sing the sum of freedom adult male should hold in a political society. What one philosopher considers an overt or perverse maltreatment of autonomy the other may see the action wholly legitimate and justifiable. John Locke believes that work forces should be virtually unrestricted and free in political society. Locke # 8217 ; s rational for this place lies in the duplicate foundation of adult male # 8217 ; s of course good dispositions and the particular and limited terminals Locke believes political societies ought to hold. Harmonizing to Locke the lone freedoms adult male should lose when come ining into a political society are to justice and punish those who infringe on his autonomy and estate. ( Ebenstein 381 ) In Locke # 8217 ; s ideal society this fails to restrict or take any freedom from the person, it merely removes the duty of protecting these freedoms from the person and topographic points it on the province. John Stuart Mill believes that work forces should be purely limited in political society. Mill differs from Locke in the basic rule that person who enjoy the benefits of life in political societies owe a return for the protection society offers. Mill believes for society to work decently, behavior of societies members should # 8220 ; non wound the involvements of one another ; or instead certain involvements ; which either by express legal proviso, or by silent apprehension, ought to be considered rights # 8221 ; ( Ebenstein 537 ) Factory furthers this statement by proclaiming that society may travel even further. # 8220 ; As shortly as any portion of a individual # 8217 ; s behavior affects damaging the involvements of others, society has legal power over it, and the general inquiry whether the general public assistance will or will non be promoted by interfering in it, becomes unfastened to discussion. # 8221 ; ( Ebenstein 537 ) This declaration virtually allows the province the authorization to step in in every case of human interaction and have entire power to change the exchange as it sees fit. If this map of the province is considered supreme or is allowed legal power over even the first domain of freedoms, any farther treatment of autonomy is uneffective and excess. Mill clearly seeks to restrict the freedom of work forces and vouching some step of residuary power to be exercised by the province at will. Having examined the degree or sum of freedom Locke, Rousseau, and Mill advocate for adult male in political society, a closer scrutiny of the rational or concluding which they used to develop their place will clear up the issue farther. The position of adult male and his natural disposition toward good or evil is important and cardinal in the formation of their positions sing political society in general and how much freedom adult male should hold in it. The importance of this issue lies in their ability to legalize their decisions about society based on the necessity of suiting the natural dispositions of adult male. Tyranny can easy be justified under the pretense of protecting the weak from the natural predatory inclinations of stronger work forces. Locke and Rousseau are inexorable in their declaration that adult male is of course inclined toward good. Locke # 8217 ; s belief in the value of adult male and his ability to move independently in conformity with natural jurisprudence contributed more to his positions sing freedom than did his places sing the map of the province. Several places which Locke and Rousseau hold to be true sing adult male warrant this decision. First is Locke # 8217 ; s definition of the province of nature as # 8220 ; work forces populating together harmonizing to ground, without a common higher-up on Earth with authorization to judge between them # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Ebenstein 375 ) Second Locke # 8217 ; s contention that in the province of nature that adult male has the right to penalize # 8220 ; the offense for restraint and forestalling the similar discourtesy, which right of penalizing is in everybody ; the other of taking reparation, which belongs merely to the injured party # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Ebenstein 376 ) Locke does non hold the rights of work forces to penalize evildoings against them, this right of all work forces in a province of nature even if it entails the # 8220 ; power to kill a liquidator, both to discourage others from making he like hurt, which no reparation can counterbalance # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Ebenstein 376 ) However Locke does acknowledge that the right of punishing of evildoings against oneself has great possible and enticement for maltreatment and corruptness this is why Locke contends, # 8220 ; God has surely appointed authorities to keep the fondness and force of men. # 8221 ; ( Ebenstein 382 ) Locke # 8217 ; s definite optimism refering the nature of adult male is clearly transferred to his sentiment sing adult male # 8217 ; s freedom in political society. John Stuart Mill does non hold the same optimistic position of the nature of adult male that Locke holds. However, he clearly has more religions in worlds than the portrayal Thomas Hobbes nowadayss of adult male in Leviathan. A instance can be made for Mill # 8217 ; s negative position of worlds because of his useful subjects throughout # 8220 ; On Liberty # 8221 ; which implies that if left to their ain devices adult male will peruse his ain involvements even at the costs of his fellow adult male. Mill does non do a clear declaration lauding or reprobating the nature of adult male. However, Mill does do clearly negative statements about the nature of adult male. # 8220 ; There has been a clip when the component of spontaneousness and individualism was in extra, and the societal rule had a difficult battle with it. # 8221 ; ( Ebenstein 559 ) Mill # 8217 ; s innuendo that the free and unrestricted actions of work forces can do struggle is to be expected however it disguises Mill # 8217 ; s true place on adult male # 8217 ; s nature. This elusive illation to the usage of spontaneousness and individualism as a method of telling one # 8217 ; s actions somehow tallies contrary to the societal rule, and shows a clear misgiving of adult male # 8217 ; s unrestricted and uninhibited side. Another important factor that doubtless influenced the sum of freedom Mill and Locke believed adult male ought to hold in political society is their position sing the intent of the province. Mill and Locke held wholly opposite positions sing who should profit from the being of the province the person or the community. Harmonizing to Locke work forces are driven to congregate and organize societies for # 8220 ; necessity, collusion and disposition # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( Ebenstein 382 ) Locke believes that the intent or terminal of the province is to supply the necessities and convinces which drove work forces to organize communities. The province for all purposes and intents is designed to function the person and supply a free and unrestricted environment in which adult male who is of course free may thrive and ain belongings. The changeless menace of intervention by other work forces in a adult male # 8217 ; s freedom and enjoyment of his belongings has driven work forces to seek th e safety of a community which exists # 8220 ; for the common saving of their lives, autonomies, and estates which I call by the general name # 8220 ; belongings # 8221 ; . # 8221 ; ( Ebenstein 382 ) Mill contends the corporate involvements of the community render greater wages than the publicity of single involvements. Rousseau besides shared this position. To Rousseau, autonomy meant voice and engagement. The usage of the general will of the people to order the personal businesss of the province would guarantee that single autonomies would be protected. The active engagement by the citizens of the society, in Rousseau # 8217 ; s position, would take to a full and moral life. In order to continue voice, engagement, and the morality of their society, Rousseau # 8217 ; s citizens would hold no job giving up some of the autonomies that John Locke positions as indispensable. All three philosophers have left an unerasable grade on the construct of freedom in political societies. John Locke favours greater freedom for adult male in political society than Mill does. Rousseau favours more political freedom that personal freedom. Locke # 8217 ; s positions merely stem from his religion in adult male and his possible to win independently, which jointly promotes the prosperity of the province. Factory does non implicitly trust or distrust adult male and hence does non explicitly bound freedom, in fact he does specify freedom in really broad footings, nevertheless he does go forth the potency for limitless intercession into the personal freedoms of the person by the province. This nullifies any freedoms or rights persons are said to hold because they subject to the caprices and illusion of the province. All three beliefs sing the nature of adult male and the intent of the province are bound to their several positions sing freedom, because one place perpetuates and demands a decision sing another. 434 Cress, Donald A. Jean-Jacques Rousseau # 8220 ; The Basic Political Writings # 8221 ; . Capital of indianas: Hackett, 1987. Ebenstein, William. Great Political Thinkers # 8220 ; From Plato to Present # 8221 ; . New York: Rinehart A ; Co, 1951.